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#microbiology #bacteriology #bacteria #endotoxin #teichoicacid #mycology #parasitology #mycology #medical #lectures LIPOPOLYSACCARIDE (LPS) The LPS of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gramnegative bacteria is endotoxin. It is responsible for many of the features of the disease, such as fever and shock (especially hypotension), caused by these organisms. It is called endotoxin because it is an integral part of the cell envelope, in contrast to exotoxins, which are actively secreted from the bacteria. The constellation of symptoms caused by the endotoxin of one gramnegative bacterium is similar to another, but the severity of the symptoms can differ greatly. In contrast, the symptoms caused by exotoxins of different bacteria are usually quite different. The LPS is composed of three distinct units: 1. A phospholipid called lipid A, which is responsible for the toxic effects. 2. A core polysaccharide of five sugars linked to lipid A. 3. An outer polysaccharide consisting of up to 25 repeating units of three to five sugars. This outer polymer is the important somatic, or O, antigen of several gramnegative bacteria that is used to identify certain organisms in the clinical laboratory. Some bacteria, notably members of the genus Neisseria, have an outer lipooligosaccharide (LOS) containing very few repeating units of sugars. TEICHOIC ACID Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids are fibers anchored to the cell wall or cell membrane, respectively, that extend from the outer layer of the grampositive cell wall. The medical importance of teichoic acids lies in their ability to induce inflammation and septic shock when caused by certain grampositive bacteria; that is, they activate the same pathways as does endotoxin (LPS) in gramnegative bacteria. Teichoic acids also mediate the attachment of staphylococci to mucosal cells. Gramnegative bacteria do not have teichoic acids.