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Bacterial Transformation Simply Explained

Bacterial recombination is characterized by DNA transfer from one “donor” organism to a “recipient” organism, which allows the bacteria to express new proteins. This may give the bacteria additional functionality such as antibiotic resistance which in turn can be of selective advantage! The 3 main ways of bacterial recombination include transformation, conjugation and transduction. Transformation is the uptake of free genetic material from the environment, key word here being the environment which is what makes this transformation instead of any of the other two ways. To better understand how bacteria can go about this process let us examine the structure of bacteria a little bit closer. Here, you can see a bacteria containing both its bacterial chromosome as well as one of its potentially many plasmids, which are just smaller circular pieces of DNA. If a free-floating piece of DNA enters the bacteria through its cell wall it may either be integrated into the bacterial chromosome or exist as a plasmid. How well bacteria are able to take in foreign DNA like this is referred to as their competence. The competence of bacteria varies from bacteria to bacteria but competence may also be induced in the lab through the heat shock method.