Скачать с ютуб chapter # 4 Cell | Ribosomes | Ribosomal RNA | | 11th Class Biology | Vision Academy| в хорошем качестве

chapter # 4 Cell | Ribosomes | Ribosomal RNA | | 11th Class Biology | Vision Academy|

Ribosomes: Definition: Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found in cells, responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Structure: 1. Large subunit (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) 2. Small subunit (40S in eukaryotes, 30S in prokaryotes) 3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 4. Proteins (approximately 80 in eukaryotes) Functions: 1. Protein synthesis (translation) 2. Translation initiation and elongation 3. Polypeptide chain formation 4. Proofreading and editing Types of Ribosomes: 1. Prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) 2. Eukaryotic ribosomes (80S) 3. Mitochondrial ribosomes (55S) 4. Chloroplast ribosomes (70S) Components: 1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 2. Proteins 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 4. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 5. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases Process of Protein Synthesis: 1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Translocation 4. Termination Regulation of Ribosomes: 1. Translational regulation 2. Ribosome biogenesis 3. Ribosome assembly 4. Ribosome degradation Diseases related to Ribosomes: 1. Ribosomopathies (e.g., Diamond-Blackfan anemia) 2. Cancer 3. Neurodegenerative disorders 4. Infectious diseases Research Techniques: 1. Electron microscopy 2. Cryo-electron microscopy 3. X-ray crystallography 4. Biochemical analysis 5. Ribosome profiling Key Concepts: 1. Translation initiation and elongation 2. Ribosome structure and function 3. Protein synthesis regulation 4. Ribosome evolution and diversity 5. Ribosome-related diseases