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Types of Majority in Indian Constitution | Simple, Absolute, Special and Effective Majority

#constitution #indianpolity #indianconstitution #upsc #ips #ias #laxmikanthpolity #laxmikanthpolityvideos #constitutionofindia #ssc #exam #upscmotivation #upscexam #statepcs #pcs #bpsc #hpsc #mppsc #uppsc EXPLANATION : There is no explicit classification of majorities in the Indian Constitution. But a careful reading of different articles in Indian Constitution would provide an idea about four types of majorities. They are Absolute Majority, Effective Majority, Simple Majority and Special Majority. ABSOLUTE MAJORITY : It refers to a majority of more than 50% of the total membership of the house. For example, as the total membership of Lok Sabha is 545, an absolute majority in Lok Sabha means – 50% of 545 plus 1, ie. 273. EFFECTIVE MAJORITY : Effective Majority of the house means more than 50% of the effective strength of the house. This implies that out of the total strength, we deduct the vacant seats. When the Indian Constitution mentions “all the then members”, that refers to the effective majority. For example, in Rajya Sabha, out of the total strength of 245 members if there are 45 vacancies, then the effective strength of the house is 200. Then the effective majority is 50% of 200 plus 1, ie 101. SIMPLE MAJORITY : This refers to the majority of more than 50% of the members present and voting. This is also known as functional majority or working majority. The simple majority is the most frequently used form of majority in Parliamentary business. When the constitution or the laws do not specify the type of majority needed, the simple majority is considered for voting. SPECIAL MAJORITY : All types of majorities other than the absolute, effective or simple majority is known as the special majority. A special majority are of 4 types, with different clauses. Type 1 – Special Majority as Per Article 249. Type 2 – Special Majority as per Article 368. Type 3 – Special Majority as per Article 368 + 50 percent state ratification by a simple majority. Type 4 – Special Majority as per A61.