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The no load losses consist of two components i.e hysteresis and eddy current loss.The hysteresis loss due to the cyclic variation of the magnetic flux in the ferrous metal. The eddy current occurs because of the changing flux in the core,(according to Lenz's law) inducing a voltage in the core. As a result, circulating eddy currents set up in the core with subsequent I2 R loss. This is also called as iron loss (or) core loss (or) constant losses. As the core flux in a transformer remains practically constant at all loads, the core-loss is also constant at all loads. This is also known as no-load losses. Copper (or) Load losses: This loss is mainly due to the ohmic resistance of the transformer windings. The load current through the resistances of the primary and secondary windings creates I2R losses that heat up the copper wires and causes voltage drops. This loss is also called copper losses (or) variable losses. Copper losses are measured by the short circuit test. The core loss in a transformer is a constant loss for all load conditions. The copper loss varies proportionally to the square of the current. In this test, a rated voltage is applied to one winding, usually the low-voltage winding for safety reasons, while the other is left open-circuited. The input power supplied to the transformer represents mainly core losses. Since the no-load current is relatively small the copper loss may be neglected during this test. The low voltage side of the transformer is short circuited. A reduced voltage applied on the high voltage winding of the transformer such that the rated current flows through the ammeter. In this condition the impedance of the transformer is merely as equivalent impedenence