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The discovery of recombinant DNA technology (and what we can learn from it)

Letter: Potential biohazards of recombinant DNA molecules. Berg P, Baltimore D, Boyer HW, Cohen SN, Davis RW, Hogness DS, Nathans D, Roblin R, Watson JD, Weissman S, Zinder ND. Science. 1974 Jul 26;185(4148):303. OTHER VIDEOS YOU MIGHT LIKE: • The genetics of gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana root development -    • The genetics of gravitropism in Arabi...   • Coat colouration in domestic dogs… genetically speaking! -    • Coat colouration in domestic dogs… ge...   • The genetic basis of sickle cell anemia: Why I want to join the HbA-Team -    • The genetic basis of sickle cell anem...   So, you’ve created a cool new genetically engineered organism. Maybe it’s a dog that can meow, or a cat that can help you with your taxes. Either way, you’re probably thinking it’s about time to unleash it on the world and collect your Nobel Prize right? Well, hold on a second, first you need to convince the world your technology is safe to use. That sounds a little like something out of science fiction, but it’s actually a situation that humanity has already excperienced in 1974 when an easy process for creating recombinant DNA was first discovered by Paul Berg. This video tells the story of Berg’s initial discovery of this technique, the subsequent panic by scientists, the voluntary ban on creating specific kinds of recombinant DNA and the conference where they created strong guidelines (which remain in effect today) around the creation of this kind of DNA were put in place, and why it was so effective. But this kind of problem isn’t solved; there are always new, ethically dubious, potentially dangerous genetic techniques on the horizon. We take a look at CRISPR, a new and revolutionary biotechnology that allows incredibly precise editing of the human genome. But it’s not that easy! CRISPR’s use is clouded by ethical concerns that need to be carefully considered from multiple perspectives before we can even begin to think about using it on a large scale. Perhaps the approach scientists took in 1974 with their development of recombinant DNA technology could be needed again? Ultimately, scientists need to lead the way in managing the potential risks of their own work to gain the trust of those who their discoveries will affect most. With exciting and scary new discoveries happening every day it’s important not to forget what we’ve already learned. Paul Berg won the Nobel Prize for his work on recombinant DNA, but there’s much more to the story than just the science. Creator: Lukas Andriessen References: Berg P. Meetings that changed the world: Asilomar 1975: DNA modification secured. Nature. 2008;455(7211):290-291. Berg P, Baltimore D, Boyer HW, Cohen SN, Davis RW, Hogness DS, Nathans D, Roblin R, Watson JD, Weissman S, Zinder ND. Letter: Potential biohazards of recombinant DNA molecules. Science. 1974;185(4148):303. Berg P, Baltimore D, Brenner S, Roblin RO 3rd, Singer MF. Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA molecules. Science. 1975;188(4192):991-994. Jackson DA, Symons RH, Berg P. Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972;69(10):2904-2909. Guttinger S. Trust in science: CRISPR-Cas9 and the ban on human germline editing. Sci Eng Ethics. 2018 Aug;24(4):1077-1096. Sharp RR, Yudell MA, Wilson SH. Shaping science policy in the age of genomics. Nat Rev Genet. 2004;5(4):311-316. Cohen SN, Chang AC, Boyer HW, Helling RB. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973;70(11):3240-3244.