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Silk Roads in Kazakhstan: Ornek

Site of Ornek (8th–12th centuries) As a trading center, Ornek grew into a thriving city due to its favorable geographical location. It was founded where the desert meets the foothills of the Kyrgyz Alatau mountains, on the banks of the Altynsu and Shybynda rivers. Gold was mined in these rivers, bringing even greater wealth to a city already located on a strategically important section of the Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor of the Silk Roads. Ornek was founded in the eighth century and was known as Qulshub. Qulshub was the main Turkic city on the Silk Roads and later grew into a place of cultural exchange between nomadic and sedentary peoples. The first Qulshub residents professed Zoroastrianism and Tengrianism, but it was Islam that prevailed here in the 9th–10th centuries, as confirmed by the unearthed remains of a mosque and an Islamic mausoleum. Excavations showed that the city most probably evolved from a permanent settlement established by a nomadic tribe on its spring and autumn pastures. The city’s rapid development was driven by trade flourishing along the proximal Silk Roads. In 2014, the Ornek site was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a component of the Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang’an-Tianshan Corridor, which was nominated jointly by China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The corridor is a 5,000-km section of the Silk Roads that took shape between the second century BC and first century AD, remaining in use until the 16th century. It linked multiple civilizations and facilitated far-reaching exchanges of activities in trade, religious beliefs, scientific knowledge, technological innovation, cultural practices, and the arts. This material was prepared within the framework of the project "Silk Roads Heritage Corridors in Afghanistan, Central Asia and Iran - International Dimension of the European Year of Cultural Heritage", implemented by UNESCO with financial support from the European Union The content is the sole responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union #UNESCOSilkRoadsEU #EUinKZ #EUinKazakhstan