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Photoelectron Peaks in XPS Spectra

How to identify Photoelectron Peaks in XPS spectra? Several types of peaks can be observed in XPS spectra. The chemical environment and other physical and chemical state of the sample can increase/decrease the peaks in XPS spectra. Also the instrumental contribution should be considered. 1- Photoelectron Peaks 2- Auger Peaks 3- X-rays Satellite Peaks 4- X-rays Ghost Peaks 5- Shake-Up Peaks 6- Shake- off peaks 7- Multiplet splitting 8- Energy Loss Lines 9- Valence Lines and Bands Let's discuss Photoelectron Peaks Photoelectron peaks are also called Sharp Peaks and these are the most intense and typically the narrowest peaks observed in the XPS spectra. Peak width is basically a convolution of the width of the x-ray line, the lifetime of the "hole" resulting from the photoionization process, and of course the instrumental contribution. These peaks are due to the photoelectrons generated within the first few atomic layers ~1nm to 10 nm (elastically scattered). Less intense peaks at higher BE are usually wider approximately 1-4 eV than the peaks at lower BE. Moreover, the peaks of insulating materials are wider than the peaks of conductors. Please subscribe to my channel and share it. Thank you so much