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What is the best EEG reference?

What is the best EEG reference? This subject has been debated for several decades now, and it still is. However, in some circumstances, we know what the best reference is. Here we review what an EEG reference is and which one to choose. VIDEO CHAPTERS 0:00 Introduction 0:50 Typical reference locations 1:19 Re-referencing data 2:24 Linked references 3:35 References used for epilepsy 4:29 Average reference 7:25 infinity reference 10:16 Independent component analysis 10:38 How the reference affect data 12:17 Finding the best reference for statistics 15:38 Looking at other experiments 16:40 Best reference conclusion References: ------------------ Delorme A. EEG is better left alone. Sci Rep. 2023 Feb 9;13(1):2372. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-27528-0. PMID: 36759667; PMCID: PMC9911389. https://www.nature.com/articles/s4159... Clayson PE, Baldwin SA, Rocha HA, Larson MJ. The data-processing multiverse of event-related potentials (ERPs): A roadmap for the optimization and standardization of ERP processing and reduction pipelines. Neuroimage. 2021 Dec 15;245:118712. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118712. Epub 2021 Nov 17. PMID: 34800661. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science... Yao D, Wang L, Oostenveld R, Nielsen KD, Arendt-Nielsen L, Chen AC. A comparative study of different references for EEG spectral mapping: the issue of the neutral reference and the use of the infinity reference. Physiol Meas. 2005 Jun;26(3):173-84. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/26/3/003. Epub 2005 Feb 9. PMID: 15798293. https://www.researchgate.net/publicat... Kayser J, Tenke CE. Issues and considerations for using the scalp surface Laplacian in EEG/ERP research: A tutorial review. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015 Sep;97(3):189-209. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.012. Epub 2015 Apr 25. PMID: 25920962; PMCID: PMC4537804. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... ICA and referencing -------------------------------- Dong L, Liu X, Zhao L, Lai Y, Gong D, Liu T, Yao D. A Comparative Study of Different EEG Reference Choices for Event-Related Potentials Extracted by Independent Component Analysis. Front Neurosci. 2019 Oct 11;13:1068. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01068. PMID: 31680810; PMCID: PMC6798171. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/... ICA and average reference Kim H, Luo J, Chu S, Cannard C, Hoffmann S, Miyakoshi M (2023) ICA’s bug: How ghost ICs emerge from effective rank deficiency caused by EEG electrode interpolation and incorrect re-referencing. Frontiers in Signal Processing, 3, DOI 10.3389/frsip.2023.1064138, ISSN 2673-8198. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/... Thanks to Dezhong Yao, Makoto Miyakoshi, and Robert Oostenveld for valuable suggestions on earlier versions of this video.