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MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS BRICS,BEADS AND BONES CLASS 12 HISTORY CH-1

Write a note on the agriculture technology of Harappans? Ans - The prevalence of agriculture is indicated by finds of grains in various sites of civilization. Archaeologists have found evidence of a ploughed field at seals and terracotta sculpture indicates that the bull was known and oxen were used for ploughing.2 Two different crops were grown together.3Canals and wells were constructed for irrigation. Traces of canals have beenfound in all the Harappan sites of Shortughai in Afghanistan; Water reservoirs have been found in Dhaulavira. link of handwritten notes on instagram:-https://www.instagram.com/p/CA8HEKVDh... Class 12 History full syllabus videos:-CLASS 12 HISTORY BY SIMRAN SAHNI:    • CLASS 12 HISTORY BY SIMRAN SAHNI   Instagram link :  / sii_sahni   POLITICAL SCIENCE CLASS12 PLAYLIST:-Class 12 political science/ All chapters/by simran:    • Class 12 political science/ All chapt...   What do you know about trade and commerce of Indus valley civilization? Ans:-Internal Trade: - was advanced Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa were main trade Centre. Heavy and small weight has been found at these sites. These are made up in the multiple of two as 1:2:4:8:16 upto 12,800. -There was strict control on weight and measure. -International trade - They had trade relation with other countries such as Egypt, Oman. -The trade was carried both by sea and land -Probably the metals like gold, silver, Tin and copper and precious stones were imported from the other countries, Q How did Harappan civilization come to an end? Ans:Some schools have tried to explain the important causes which led to the abandonment of the mature Harappan sites by 1800 B.C. E. Some of them are as follows:- By Floods - It is speculated that a sudden flood might have submerged the various town and buried them under the thick layer of mud. Due to the change in the course of Indus River. Climatic change - It is also possible that there was climate change and drought took place due to deforestation. - Earthquakes - It is also probable that the nature itself turned the whole and upside down. * Aryan Invasion - Some scholars say that Aryans were responsible. Write a note on the drainage system of Harappa? Ans:- The drainage was made of mortar lime and gypsum. They were covered with big bricks and stones which could be lifted easily to clean the drain . Smaller drains from houses on both the sides were laid on the main channel. Pits were provided for sewage for the houses. How do archaeologists reconstruct the past? Ans:- - Recovering artefacts through excavation. Classification of finds that finds are whether tools or weapons or ornaments or both or something meant for ritual use. -An understanding of the function of an artifact is often shaped by it resemblance with present day things. Beads, pots are obvious examples. Archaeologists reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining seals, some of which seem to depict ritual scenes * Archaeologists often move from known to unknown that is from present to past regarding the reconstruction of religious practices. Remains of crops or pits are studied to identify food. By observing the different layers of sites they try to find out different things for the information of Socio-economic conditions, religious and cultural life of past people. Archaeologists also try to identify the function of an artefact by investigating the context in which it was found. *Use of indirect evidence eg. for clothing they depend on indirect evidence like description in sculpture Describe briefly how seals of Harappan period help in reconstructing their religious beliefs? ans-Giving archaeologic interpretation to reconstruct religious practices of Harappan civilisation was not easy. The important facts to reconstruct the 2. Rare stone statuary of men seated with one hand on the knee was regarded as ‘priest king’. Other structures found in Harappan Civilisation, like the great bath and fire altars found at Kalibangan and Lothal also were taken as significant for ritual practices. 3. Attempts were made to reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by examining different seals 4. Mythical creatures like unicorn, figure seated cross-legged in yogic posture, sometimes surrounded by animals, regarded as ‘proto-shiva’ were all examples of Hindu religion. Conical stone objects were classified as Tingas’. Many reconstructions of Harappan religion are made on the assumption that later traditions provide similarity with earlier ones. It follows from the rule that archaeologists try to know the facts by following the process of ‘known to the unknown.’ Thus, reconstructing religious practices was not easy for the archaeologists. MOST IMPORATANT QUESTIONS CHAPTER 1 BRICS BEADS AND BONES