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Early Iron Age Weapons, Warriors and Armor - History in the Heart of Europe

The arrival of Iron production was revolutionary. The wrought Iron and its procurement were first established in 3rd millennium BC, in the territory of Anatolia and the later the Hittite Empire. Even before its demise in the Late Bronze age, individual pieces traveled as gifts and merchandise across the Mediterranean. After the Late Bronze Age collapse, the knowledge of Iron metallurgy was adopted by the Hittite successor states: Phrygia and Lydia, and from there it spread across the Mediterranean and Europe. At the passage from the Bronze Age into the Iron age, around 10th century BC, first iron objects already made their way into central Europe, through trade routes with the Mediterranean civilizations. These were mostly examples of jewelry and individual pieces of weapon. In the 8th century, objects made from iron were already dominating the Hallstatt societies and accepted as the best material for the weapon production. Iron didn’t completely replace bronze. People exploited both resources and necessary ore deposits. Sites rich in iron ore enabled development of metallurgy and prosperity of European cultures beyond the more famous Mediterranean civilizations of Greece, Phoenicians and Etruscans. While iron was more durable and harder than previous materials, it also required more knowledge time to process. Ironworking also required large amounts of good quality wood and charcoal, leading to large-scale forest clearings and changes in the landscape. Archeologists found traces of smelting in most large settlement centers. It was this easy access to the iron ore that made the mines mostly unnecessary, and the close vicinity of settlements to rich iron deposits provided another potential advantage over rival settlements. The smelting could last the entire day, but due to the relatively low temperatures, only a couple of kilograms of malleable iron bloom could be recovered, as most iron remained in the waste slag. The bloom would be of high enough quality to be hammered into semi-finished products. The entire process of producing iron was a complex procedure which was mastered by only a few individuals, who probably shared their knowledge and secrets only to their successors or a small circle. The transition into the Iron Age wasn’t sudden. For example: The votive offering of weapons by the bodies of water reflect the Bronze Age customs, while the materials and weapon designs evolved in the image of the Iron age. Additionally, swords of the same design, but different materials, were found. Hallstatt culture spread across a vast area of Central Europe and marks the early Iron age in the region. It was named after the archeological site in present-day Austria, where a large settlement thrived through trade of metallic products and rock salt. After the 7th century BC, iron axes and spears came to dominate the area. Battle equipment, from weapons to armor, had to be both an effective combat implement, as well as a symbol of power and prestige. Throughout the era, spearheads and axes got longer, thanks to the sturdier iron that didn’t bend as easy as bronze. Spearheads could reach even up to 1 meter in length. Both axes and spears could be decorated with different ribs or inlaid with bronze or even gold. The high-standing dignitaries also wore a helmet, a wooden shield and an armor. Decorated belts also showcase their status and achievements. Even more prominent warriors were buried with pieces of figural depictions, like situlae. The equipment of warriors at the transition from 7th to 5th century BC was fairly identical, almost standardized. Spears and axes continued to be the most common weapons of Hallstatt warriors across different regions. Archers too were a part of Early Iron age armies, and were able to achieve a very high status. Hunting with bow and arrow was reserved for higher ranking nobility. Some archers even adopted equipment of the raiding Scythians, using their trilobate arrows themselves. Like with axes, the evolution of Early iron age warriors can be seen through helmets. The era of Hallstatt princes and warriors would last until the arrival of Celts and the La Tèneculture in the last 5 centuries BC. Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1m... I hope you learned something new in this video. If you want to see more history videos, feel free to like and subscribe... you know how YouTube works. 👍 Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe:    • History in the heart of Europe   Edited with Vegas Pro Edit 19 #history #europe #ironage #archaeology #ancienthistory