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How and Where Are Cannabinoids Produced

How and Where Are Cannabinoids Produced? Professor DeBacco Research Article Livingston, S. J., Quilichini, T. D., Booth, J. K., Wong, D. C., Rensing, K. H., Laflamme‐Yonkman, J., ... & Samuels, A. L. (2020). Cannabis glandular trichomes alter morphology and metabolite content during flower maturation. The Plant Journal, 101(1), 37-56. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/f... Quick Answer… Phytocannabinoids are synthesized in capitate-stalked glandular trichomes. CSG = Capitate Stalked Glandular Cannabis Trichome Development Cannabis trichomes begin as sessile glands, lacking a stalk, near the surface of the floral or leaf epidermis, on both the adaxial and abaxial sides. These sessile glandular trichomes are present on the vegetative plant, but they are not expressing the synthases for cannabinoid production or monoterpenes. They produce primarily sesquiterpenes. Production of Cannabinoids Occur Only When… Only when the plant reaches floral maturity do these sessile trichomes begin to grow stalks, becoming Capitate Stalked Glandular trichomes or CSG’s and only during this phase does it begin to produce cannabinoids and terpenes. Trichome Example Image The little “crystals” on the flower are actually capitate stalked glandular trichomes, which sparkle when they catch the light, especially when dried. Capitate Stalked Glandular Trichomes Below is a close- up picture of cannabis CSG’s. Within the gland are secondary metabolite excretions which are primarily cannabinoids. Stalked Glandular Trichomes on Mature Cannabis Flowers Stalked glandular trichomes on mature cannabis flowers have a proliferation of cells in their secretory disc Sessile trichomes with greater than 8 gland cells will develop into CSG and are typically located on the calyx. Only CSG trichomes produce cannabinoids and monoterpenes. Glandular Trichomes Glandular trichomes exhibit distinct intrinsic fluorescence and metabolite organizations. Cannabis Capitate Stalked Glandular trichomes (CSG) develop from sessile glandular trichomes. Sessile trichomes produce predominantly sesquiterpenes and minimal cannabinoids, and produce red autofluorescence. CSG produce cannabinoids and monoterpenes, and produce blue autofluorescence. Morphology of Three Types of Glandular Trichomes Unique Features of Stalked, Pre-stalked and Sessile Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis. Cannabis CSG trichomes are responsible for cannabinoid and monoterpene biosynthesis. This requires gland cells and a secretory cavity. The genetic mechanisms regulating the biochemical and morphological changes that occur during CSG trichome development are not well understood. Glandular Trichome Details A sessile glandular trichome will have a secretory vessel, encapsulated by a waxy cuticle. This waxy cuticle will contain several smaller “vesicles,” which are extracellular compartments separated by apoplastic space (Mahlberg 2003). The entire vessel apparatus is attached to a rosette of gland cells, which are themselves connected to a rosette of stipe cells, which is connected to a basal cell, which is connected to the stalk cells. The stalk contains cells which are designed to pump substrates into the secretory cell rosette. Secretory Cells The plastids within the secretory cells produce CBGA and terpenes, which are then transported through the cell wall, into the secretory vessel, where they form what Mahlberg describes as “hyaline areas,” which form secretory vesicles. These little bubbles are where the secondary metabolites are synthesized and stored. CBGA is produced in the secretory cell plastid and then exported into the secretory vessel for further manipulation by proteins called “synthases” Link to Lecture Slides: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sFx0... 420 Magazine Source Content by Slide Title: Title: How and Where Are Cannabinoids Produced https://www.420magazine.com/community... Stalked glandular trichomes https://www.420magazine.com/community... *Due to the description character limit the full work cited for "How and Where Are Cannabinoids Produced" can be viewed at... https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SWdt...