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EU and NATO Push Türkiye To Change Its Decision: What's Going on?

Turkey’s bid to join the European Union has been one of the most drawn-out and intricate accession efforts in the bloc's history. After first applying in 1987, Turkey was granted official candidate status in 1999, with formal accession negotiations starting in 2005. However, progress has been marred by a range of obstacles, including political, economic, and human rights challenges. By 2024, Turkey had opened 16 out of 35 chapters necessary for EU membership, yet only one chapter has been provisionally closed. The negotiations have largely stagnated since 2019, largely due to concerns over Turkey’s democratic regression, long-standing tensions related to Cyprus, and the aftermath of the failed 2016 coup attempt. In contrast, other EU aspirants have experienced considerably shorter paths to membership. Countries like Austria, Finland, and Sweden, which joined in 1995, completed negotiations in under two years, benefiting from stable market economies that were already aligned with EU standards. Even Malta and Cyprus, which faced complex geopolitical and domestic hurdles, concluded their accession processes in about 14 years. North Macedonia, despite applying in 2004, only commenced negotiations in 2020 due to disputes with Greece and Bulgaria. On average, the accession process for EU candidates takes around nine years. However, Turkey’s nearly 40-year journey stands as one of the longest and most complicated in the EU’s history, marked by regional tensions and significant political complexities. Turkey's accession to the EU has been one of the most prolonged and contentious processes in the bloc's history, marked by several key obstacles. In addition to human rights concerns, there is a deeper cultural unease regarding Turkey’s predominantly Muslim population and perceived incompatibility with the secular and liberal values held by many in Europe. Public opposition to Turkey’s membership has been especially strong in France and Austria, where fears of "Islamization" and the impact of Turkish immigration have intensified. For instance, in a 2005 Eurobarometer survey, 68% of French citizens and 80% of Austrians opposed Turkey’s EU membership, reflecting long-standing skepticism about Turkey’s integration into the EU.