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Bordeaux Wine Basics - St. Emilion Wine Region

St. Emilion is named Benedictine Monk Emilian, who created a limestone church, which is landmark in the city to this day. St. Emilion is a town near the Dordogne River but in the wine world, it is actually a wine region. St. Emilion was officially classified as a distinct wine region in 1954. Their classification system is updated periodically and since 1954, has been updated 5 times: 1969, 1985, 1996, 2006, 2012 and 2022 St. Emilion is Bordeaux’s largest appellations and produces more wine that Listric, Moulis and all of the Left Bank classified growth regions (Pauillac, St. Julien, St. Estephe and Margaux) combined. It is known for its clay and chalk rich soils and Merlot is the primary grape grown in St. Emilion (2 notable exceptions: Cheval Blanc (Cab Franc) and Figeac (which grow a significant amount of Cabernet Sauvignon). There are 3 basic regions within St. Emilion: 1/ Limestone plateau; 2/ South of plateau is alluvial sandy plain gently slopes down banks of Dordogne (most of the more well known wineries are not from here) 3/ Northwest of the plateau there is alluvial terrace. Gravel soils that drain well. Then there are 4 satellite areas to the northeast of the limestone plateau. Twice as much Grand Cru is made each year compared to regular St. Emilion wines (3,739 hectares of Grand Cru, 1,826 hectares of non classified terroir). This is because the criteria to be labelled Grand Cru is not that difficult to meet. The criteria for a winery to label itself as a Grand Cru wine is: 1/ yield is lower than 550 litres per hectare; 2/harvested must weight of grapes at least 189 grams of sugar per litre (except Merlot); 3/wine must reach alcohol level of 11.5% and 4/wine be stored for 14 months before release. Because the criteria is so easy to meet, out of the entire production of St. Emilio wines that is released each year, (2.4 million cases), 1.5 million cases or almost 2/3 of the wine is labelled Grand Cru. At the higher end, there are around 60 wines that are judged to be Grand Cru Classe. The addition of the word Classe denotes a quality level. At the top of the quality hierarchy in St. Emilion is Premier Grand Cru Classe wines. There are 14 in all divided into: Premier Grand Cru Classe A: Figeac, Pavie Premier Grand Cru Classs B: Beausejour (Duffau-Lagarrosse), Beausejour Becot, Belair Monange, Canon, Canon La Gaffeliere, Pavie Macquin, Troplong Mondot, Trottevielle, Larcis Ducasse, Valandraud, Clos Fourtet, La Mondotte In 2022, Ausone, Angelus, Cheval Blanc, La Gaffeliere all decided to take their wineries out of the classification system. They were upset that 35% of the rating was based on the reputation, advertising and value of the wine and only 15% was based on the terroir and methods in producing the wine.