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for pdf and book visit https://www.biologylectures.com/ #bscbotany #1stsemesterexam #botany #1stsemester #neet #pteridophytes #pteridophyta #equisetum #biologybydrimtiyaz #biology Equisetum is represented by some 30 species and are distributed all over the world. Some common Indian species are E. arvense, E. debile, E. diffusum, E. ramosissimum. Habitat: Equisetum generally grows in wet or damp habitats and are particularly common along the banks of streams or irrigation canals. However, some species are adapted to xeric condition (Equisetum arvense). Some species of Equisetum are indicators of the mineral content of the soil in which they grow. Few species accumulate gold, thus they are consi¬dered as gold indicator plants. There is deposition of silica on the outer wall of the epidermal cells due to which plants become rough in texture and are used as abrasive. Silica provides a protective covering to these plants against predators and pathogens. MORPHOLOGY (SPOROPHYTE) The main plant body of Equisetum is sporophytic and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves (Fig.1). Root The primary root is short-lived and the slender adventitious roots arise endogenously at the nodes of the stems. The roots are slender and fibrous and branch occasionally and help in absorption. Stem The stem of Equisetum is underground, much-branched rhizome. It is differentia¬ted into nodes and internodes. A whorl of small scaly leaves arises from each node. The rhizome bears two types of aerial shoots, vegetative shoots and fertile shoots. Both are differentiated into nodes and internodes (Fig.1). Fig 1. Equisetum external features sporophyte.