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What is Comparative Genomics?

Comparative genomics is an exciting field of research in which scientists use a variety of tools, including computer-based analysis, to compare genes or the complete genome sequences of different species. By carefully comparing characteristics that define various organisms - including the genomes of organisms ranging from humans to chimpanzees to yeast - researchers can pinpoint regions of similarity and difference. This information can help scientists better understand the structure and function of genes, which is extremely important. Identifying DNA sequences that have been "conserved" - that is, preserved in many different organisms over millions of years - is an important step toward understanding the genome itself. It helps identify genes that are essential to life and highlights genomic signals that control gene function across many species. Comparing genomes can eventually help us to further understand the networks of genes that are associated with certain diseases, which might lead to the production of more effective medication. Comparative genomics is also a powerful tool for studying evolution. By analyzing the evolutionary relationships between species and the corresponding differences in their DNA, scientists can better understand how the appearance, behavior, biology and biochemistry of living organisms have changed over time. Comparing genomes also allows to figure out the evolutionary relationships between species and construct trees to represent them. As the DNA sequencing technology becomes more powerful and less expensive, comparative genomics is finding wider applications in agriculture, biotechnology and zoology as a tool to identify the often subtle differences between species. Such efforts have led to new insights into some branches of the evolutionary tree, as well as improving food production and proposing new strategies for conserving rare and endangered species.