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148. Ketone Bodies Synthesis

𝐒𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐞 𝗙𝐨𝐫 𝗠𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝗜𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧 𝗛𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 👩‍⚕‍ 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗠𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐞💉🩺💊 𝐘𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐛𝐞 :    / @draishwaryakelkar   📌𝗙𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗯𝗼𝗼𝗸 :   / draishwaryakelkar   📌𝗧𝘄𝗶𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿:   / aishwayadr   📌𝗜𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗮𝗺 :   / clinical.learning   The ketone bodies comprise three small, water-soluble compounds produced by the liver in response to reduced glucose availability. Their formation may signify prolonged fasting or a pathophysiological state, such as type I diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). As their synthesis is linked to the metabolism of fatty acids, certain dietary regimes can induce ketone body formation, either as a means of weight loss or to control certain neurological conditions such as refractory epilepsy. In a more contemporary context, novel compounds have been developed, which enhance the formation of ketone bodies in vivo, and have been suggested to improve athletic performance. Ketone Body Production And Utilization Rates: The rate of production of ketone bodies by the liver can be measured by catheterization, isotopic dilution, or magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques. These methods measure different things. With catheterization techniques, the arteriovenous concentration differences are combined with regional blood flow rates to provide an estimate of the net release or uptake rate of ketone bodies (the Fick principle). Isotopic dilution techniques measure total body equilibration exchange and oxidation rates of these compounds. Usually the values obtained for production rates using tracer techniques are greater than those derived from catheterization studies because tracer techniques measure the total body exchange rates, whereas catheterization techniques determine the net balance of the substrate measured across an organ or vascular bed. Nuclear magnetic resonance detects the labeling of metabolic end-products present in tissues. An additional problem with the measurement of the production and utilization rates of ketone bodies involves the manner in which the data are expressed. When hepatic ketone body production is high and peripheral tissue consumption of ketone bodies is high (especially in the brain), correcting the data to standard body surface areas or body weights introduces potential inaccuracies. This is because a starving person with a body weight of 140 kg and a height of 188 cm does not have a brain or liver that is proportionally enlarged. Also, diet and exercise may have influences on hepatic ketone body production rates. An individual consuming a ketogenic (high-fat, low-carbohydrate) diet is more likely to have higher production rates of AcAc and β-OHB than someone eating the usual balanced diet when both individuals are studied after an overnight 12 h fast. Obviously, the time since the last meal and the presence of metabolic diseases influence these measurements. With the preceding caveats, the following production rates are presented. #ketones #ketosis #biochemistry #mbbs #chemistry #ketonebodies #ketonebodysynthesis