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Upper & Lower Motor Neuron Lesions / Mnemonic series #5

Upper & Lower Motor Neuron Lesions / Mnemonic series #5 An upper motor neuron lesion (also known as pyramidal insufficiency) occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord or motor nuclei of the cranial nerves. Conversely, a lower motor neuron lesion affects nerve fibers traveling from the anterior horn of the spinal cord or the cranial motor nuclei to the relevant muscle(s). Upper motor neuron lesions occur in the brain or the spinal cord as the result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy. Changes in muscle performance can be broadly described as the upper motor neuron syndrome. These changes vary depending on the site and the extent of the lesion, and may include: Muscle weakness. A pattern of weakness in the extensors (upper limbs) or flexors (lower limbs), is known as 'pyramidal weakness' Decreased control of active movement, particularly slowness Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle tone Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance Babinski sign is present, where the big toe is raised (extended) rather than curled downwards (flexed) upon appropriate stimulation of the sole of the foot. The presence of the Babinski sign is an abnormal response in adulthood. Normally, during the plantar reflex, it causes plantar flexion and the adduction of the toes. In Babinski's sign, there is dorsiflexion of the big toe and abduction of the other toes. Physiologically, it is normally present in infants from birth to 12 months. The presence of the Babinski sign after 12 months is the sign of a non-specific upper motor neuron lesion. Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR) Pronator drift