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"Testing of ‘auhuhu for use in anchialine pond restoration" by Ron Englund (Presentation 3: 5ISAE)

This presentation was a part of the 5th International Symposium on Anchialine Ecosystems (5ISAE), held in Kailua-Kona November 3-5, 2022. Presentation 3: "Cultivation and testing of ‘auhuhu (Tephrosia purpurea) for use in anchialine pond restoration" Session 1: Hawai‘i– Community, Culture and Conservation Presentation Authors: Ronald A. Englund (1), Leo G. Nico (retired) (2); Howard L. Jelks (3) Affiliations: (1) Kamehameha Schools Hawai‘i; (2) U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Gainesville, Florida, USA; (3) USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Abstract: Over the past 10 years, we have been investigating ways to eradicate invasive non-native fishes found in anchialine pool environments on Hawai‘i Island. Invasive fishes are found in anchialine pools and a variety of other wetlands on the island of Hawai‘i and other main islands of the Hawaiian chain. Invasive fishes in Hawai‘i are a major concern because they threaten a variety of aquatic invertebrates endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, including a number of Federally endangered species that inhabit anchialine pools. Sites with invasive fishes on Hawai‘i Island range from large brackish water fishponds such as ‘Aimakapā Fishpond at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park to much smaller anchialine ponds all along the coastal regions. Many anchialine habitats are small, with pool surface areas commonly under 100 m2. For thousands of years Polynesians and other native peoples have used plants with piscicidal properties to stun and collect fish for sustenance. In Hawai‘i, ‘auhuhu (Tephrosia purpurea) and the endemic ‘akia (Wikstroemia sandwicensis) were traditionally used by native peoples to capture and collect fish, with ‘auhuhu being one of the approximately 30 canoe plants brought to the islands by the original Hawaiian settlers. In an effort to integrate Hawaiian traditional cultural practices with anchialine habitat restoration, we have been investigating the use of ‘auhuhu to rid anchialine ponds of invasive fishes. In 2017 we obtained ‘auhuhu seeds from the Amy Greenwell Garden in Kona, and started our first attempts at cultivation, and in 2019 additional seeds were collected from a remnant wild population in Ka‘u, Hawai‘i Island. We tested the use of ‘auhuhu in the laboratory to better determine the amount of plant needed to eradicate non-native fish. Separately, over the past 6 years students from Kamehameha Schools Hawai‘i campus have assisted in the project by growing ‘auhuhu and then evaluating the effect of ‘auhuhu on various non-native fishes and native invertebrates, studies that included comparisons of fresh, frozen, and dried plant materials. In March 2022, we tested the use of ‘auhuhu to eliminate tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in one anchialine pool, and in combination with rotenone in another smaller pool in Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park.