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Péter Lautner – Political Teleology: The Teleological Nature of Governmental Systems in Aristotle

Aristotle inherited the attempt in Plato’s Republic VIII-IX to treat different governmental systems (politeiai) as having a built-in end. On Plato’s views, each system changes into another, inferior one necessarily. The interesting side of his account is that the nature such systems depends on the psychological make-up of the leading group within the citizen body. The psychological make-up determines decisions and actions in a way that they cause the systems deteriorate inevitably. For this reason, Plato identifies the primary cause of decay at the level of the governmental system, not at the individual decisions. In Politics V-VIII, on discussing various forms of rules Aristotle takes over the teleological approach with a critique of Plato’s position. He finds the account in the Republic simplifying and raises the question again whether there is a teleology built in the nature of politeia, which is distinct from the teleology of particular choices and actions. The analysis of the different forms of political regimes in history allows him to argue that changes at the level of systems are not one-way processes. Furthermore, even if the goal of the natural polis is the best achievable polis (also called, most confusingly, politeia) the development is not inevitable. It needs, among others, appropriate legislative measures. It seems therefore that in explaining the development of governmental systems Aristotle works with a different kind of teleology. It is a teleology which does not imply necessary results. Péter Lautner teaches philosophy at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University. He worked for various international projects, has been contributing to the 'Ancient Commentators on Aristotle Project' (KCL) since 1991, published widely on late ancient and Byzantine philosophy, particularly on psychology and epistemology, but more recently on ethics as well. More on our project: https://teloi.org/ Facebook:   / metateleology