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ATPL Training Flight Instruments #13 Machmeter Mach, TAS, CAS Relationship

The relationship between True Airspeed (TAS), Indicated Airspeed (IAS), Calibrated Airspeed (CAS), and Mach number is crucial in aviation, reflecting the impact of air density and compressibility on aircraft performance. 1. *Indicated Airspeed (IAS):* IAS is the airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator in the aircraft cockpit. It represents the dynamic pressure exerted on the aircraft due to its motion through the air. IAS is affected by factors like instrument and position errors. 2. *Calibrated Airspeed (CAS):* CAS is the IAS corrected for instrument and installation errors. Each aircraft has a specific correction table or chart that pilots use to obtain CAS from IAS readings. This correction compensates for factors like pitot tube and static port location errors. 3. *True Airspeed (TAS):* TAS is the airspeed of the aircraft relative to the air mass in which it is flying. It is CAS corrected for non-standard pressure and temperature at altitude. Pilots use the TAS to determine the actual speed of the aircraft through the air, crucial for navigation and performance calculations. 4. *Mach Number:* Mach number represents the aircraft's speed relative to the speed of sound. It is the ratio of the aircraft's TAS to the speed of sound at a particular altitude. Mach number is dimensionless and provides a standardized measure of an aircraft's speed, especially in the transonic and supersonic flight regimes. The relationship among these airspeed parameters is influenced by altitude, temperature, and air density variations. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes, TAS increases for a given IAS or CAS due to lower air density. Additionally, in the transonic and supersonic range, the relationship between TAS, CAS, and Mach number becomes more complex, requiring consideration of compressibility effects on airspeed readings. In summary, the relationship between TAS, IAS, CAS, and Mach number is vital for accurate aircraft performance assessment, navigation, and adherence to operational limits, considering the dynamic nature of air density and compressibility at different altitudes.