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Hungarian Revolution of 1848 (1): Föltámadott a tenger, 1953

he Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was part of a European wide revolution sparked by the flight of Louis Philippe in France and a movement in favor of nationalism among European liberals. The Napoleonic War had unleashed a torrent of liberal ideas among intellectuals throughout Europe, which conservatives blamed for the anarchy and mayhem of the French revolution. Most governments restricted political dissent and as a result, secret political societies sprang up all over Europe, plotting and scheming ways to overthrow the existing order. Many of the leaders of the Hungarian revolution were part of this network, and the rebellion was closely related to simultaneous revolutions in Vienna, Rome and Northern Italy against the Austrian empire. At the time of the revolution, Hungary already had its own parliament and considerable autonomy, but European liberals of the 19th century sought after the idea of national sovereignty, and the Hapsburg empire, regardless of any compromise or reforms it could offer, stood in the way. The idea of nationalism for Hungary however, was especially complicated since the geographical area known as Hungary included many different ethnic groups with conflicting loyalties. In addition to Magyars, the region included Slavs, Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes, some of whom were loyal to Austria and opposed the Hungarian movement for independence. Soon after Louis Kossuth declared an independent Kingdom of Hungary, the Croats rebelled against the Hungarians and declared their loyalty to Austria. The first fighting in the Hungarian revolution was between the Croats and Magyars, and Austria's intervention on the part of their loyal Croatian subjects caused an upheaval in Vienna. The rebellion in Hungary might have been easily put down if it was an isolated event. But because it was timed to coincide with revolutions in Vienna and Italy, the Austrian government was unable to respond effectively. Austria did not have the military resources to put down four simultaneous rebellions, so it made generous promises to the leader in Hungary in order to buy time. Even with Austria's concessions, however, the Hungarians opted for rebellion. They mustered a volunteer army and won several early victories. Most of the Slavs in the region, however, opposed Hungarian independence, so Austria called upon Russia to intervene. The ill-equipped Magyar patriots could not withstand the vastly superior Russian force, and the Hungarian revolution was quickly brought to an end.