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Ljubljana (German Laibach , Italian Lubiana ) is the capital of Slovenia and is located in the central part of the country at the mouth of the river Ljubljanica , between the Alps and the Mediterranean . It has 280,310 inhabitants (2017). It is the seat of a Catholic archdiocese and has a university. Although Roman settlements were built in AD 15, the city is first mentioned in 1144 (by its German name Laibach ) and 1146 (by the name Luwigana ). After receiving city rights in 1220 , Ljubljana came under Habsburg rule in 1335 , became a bishopric in 1461 and developed into a Slovenian cultural center during the late Middle Ages. Habsburg rule was only interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars , when between 1809 and 1813 the city was the capital of the French Illyrian provinces . In 1821 , the city hosted the Congress of Laibach . Under Austrian rule, it was the capital of the Duchy of Carniola/ Krain . When Austria-Hungary collapsed in 1918 , the city became the seat of Dravska banovina . In April 1941 it was occupied and then incorporated into Italy , and on 23 February 1942 it was completely fenced off with barbed wire and made into the largest prisoner of war camp in Europe. After the war, it became the capital of the Yugoslav Socialist Republic of Slovenia. When Slovenia became independent in 1991 , it became the country's capital. Ljubljana has been destroyed by earthquakes several times. After the earthquake in 1511, the city was rebuilt in Renaissance style, and after the earthquake in 1895 severely damaged the city, also in Neoclassical and Art Nouveau style. The city's architecture is therefore today quite mixed. A number of buildings are also from the interwar period, by local architect Jože Plečnik . The city is well known for its beautiful and well-preserved city centre. The old town appears very Italian, with many cafes by the river and a warm climate. In the summer, various music events take place in the old town and in the castle, and Ljubljana is particularly visited by many young people from all over the world.