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plant kingdom:- introduction of gymnosperm # payal bio studies

Introduction of gymnosperm according to NCERT Gymnosperms, as described in the NCERT curriculum, are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes. Unlike angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms bear naked seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit. The seeds are typically borne on cone-like structures called strobili. Key characteristics of gymnosperms include: Seeds not enclosed: Gymnosperms produce seeds that are exposed or "naked," hence the name "gymnos" (naked) and "sperma" (seed). Vascular tissue: They possess well-developed vascular tissues, including xylem (for water transport) and phloem (for nutrient transport), similar to angiosperms. Heterosporous plants: Gymnosperms produce two kinds of spores—microspores (male) and megaspores (female), which give rise to male and female gametophytes, respectively. No flowers or fruits: Gymnosperms do not produce flowers or fruits; their seeds develop on the surface of scales or leaves, often arranged in cones. Dominant sporophyte stage: The dominant phase in the life cycle of gymnosperms is the sporophyte, which is the diploid, seed-producing plant. The gametophyte generation is reduced and dependent on the sporophyte. Gymnosperms are mostly found in cold climates and are well adapted to harsh conditions, with examples like Pinus (pine), Cedrus (cedar), and Cycas. In summary, gymnosperms are important plant species known for their ancient lineage and ability to survive in extreme conditions, producing naked seeds that are not enclosed in fruits