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Fermat's Christmas theorem: Visualising the hidden circle in pi/4 = 1-1/3+1/5-1/7+...

NEW (Christmas 2019). Two ways to support Mathologer Mathologer Patreon:   / mathologer   Mathologer PayPal: paypal.me/mathologer (see the Patreon page for details) Leibniz's formula pi/4 = 1-1/3+1/5-1/7+... is one of the most iconic pi formulas. It is also one of the most surprising when you first encounter it. Why? Well, usually when we see pi we expect a circle close-by. And there is definitely no circle in sight anywhere here, just the odd numbers combining in a magical way into pi. However, if you look hard enough you can discover a huge circle at the core of this formula. Here is a link to the relevant chapter in Hilbert and Cohn-Vossen's book Geometry and the Imagination (Google books). I am pretty sure that the idea and proof for the circle proof of the Leibniz formula that I mathologerise in this video first appeared in this book and is due to the authors: https://books.google.com.au/books?id=... Here is a link to a video in which 3blue1brown about the same hidden circle in Leibniz formula:    • Pi hiding in prime regularities   And another video by him about a hidden circle in the solution to the Basel problem:    • Why is pi here?  And why is it square...   There is also a neat generalisation to what we talked about in this video to the solution of the Basel problem - in terms of the lattice points in a 4-dimensional sphere and the 4-square counterpart of the 4(good-bad) theorem. If you are interested in some details have a look at the last proof in this write-up by Robin Chapman: https://empslocal.ex.ac.uk/people/sta... Links to two Numberphile videos about the one-sentence proof by Don Zagier featuring Matthias Kreck:    • The Prime Problem with a One Sentence...   (intro),    • The One Sentence Proof (in multiple s...   (the math) Link to the original Jodocus Hondius engraving of Jodocus Hondius that Google tries to pass of as a portrait of the mathematician Albert Girard https://www.swaen.com/zoomV5e.php?id=... Thank you very much to Marty for all his help with polishing the script of the video and Karl for his idea for the 2019 Easter egg. Today's t-shirt: google "spreadshirt pi+tree+christmas+math" Enjoy :)